Skip to content

Presentation

Over the past two decades, firms in OECD countries have increasingly tended to incorporate social and environmental responsibility (CSR) criteria into executive remuneration, through an incentive scheme known as a ‘CSR contract’.

The adoption of these programmes, when implemented in firms with a partnership-based governance model (in which the various stakeholders are involved in the firm’s governance), is associated with better social, environmental performance and respect for human rights, but is not significantly associated with financial performance.

Conversely, in the case of firms with a governance model focused primarily on creating value for shareholders, the adoption of these CSR contracts is negatively correlated with their financial performance and is unrelated to their non-financial performance.

Key Results

A new incentive scheme has been developing over the past few years, whereby part of senior executives’ remuneration is linked to social and environmental responsibility (CSR) indicators. Known as ‘CSR contracts’, these schemes are designed to encourage senior executives to take greater account of the firm’s long-term performance and to respond to the demands of a wider range of stakeholders (shareholders, employees, customers, suppliers, trade unions, NGOs, local authorities, the government, etc.).

The use of CSR contracts is a global trend: out of a sample of nearly 4,000 firms worldwide, between 2010 and 2016, 20 per cent had introduced this type of contract, particularly in Europe (30 per cent), North America (27 per cent) and the Asia-Pacific region (37 per cent), and especially in the manufacturing and financial sectors (26 per cent).

Major firms such as Apple and Danone have introduced these contracts.

The adoption of CSR contracts has varying impacts on a firm’s financial and non-financial performance depending on its governance model.
For firms whose governance is primarily shareholder-oriented, these contracts reduce financial performance and yield only a relative gain in terms of CSR performance.
For firms whose governance is oriented towards a wider range of stakeholders, CSR contracts are effective in improving non-financial performance across all areas.

Partners

Agence nationale de la recherche (ANR)

This research was carried out within the framework of the Energy4Climate (E4C) Interdisciplinary Centre at IP Paris and École des Ponts ParisTech. The authors received support from the Investissements d’avenir programme (ANR11-IDEX-0003/Labex Ecodec/ANR-11-LABX-0047), the IdR ‘Sustainable Finance and Responsible Investment ’ (École Polytechnique & TSE IDEI), the ‘Energy and Prosperity’ Chair, and the LABEX MMEDII project (ANR11-LBX-0023-01).

The authors would also like to thank VigeoEiris for providing access to their data.

Last modified: July 31, 2026